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Computer Software
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Computer software, often called as software, is a set of instructions and its associated documentations that tells a computer what to do or. how to perform a task..Software includes all different software programs on a computer, such as applications and the operating system. Applications are programs that are designed to perform a specific operation, such as a game or a word processor.
The operating system including Mac OS, Microsoft Windows and Linux is an open source software that is used as a platform for running in the applications, and controls all user interface tools including display and the keyboard. People, processes and tools are considered as essential ingredient of software design.
The word software was first used in the late 1960s to emphasize on its difference from computer hardware, which can be physically observed by the user. Software is a set of instructions that the computer follows. Before compact discs (CDs) or development of the Internet age, software was used on various computer data storage media tools like paper punch cards, magnetic discs or magnetic tapes.
The word firmware is sometimes used to describe a style of software that is made specifically for a particular type of computer or an electronic device and is usually stored on a Flash memory or ROM chip in the computer. Firmware usually refers to a piece of software that directly controls a piece of hardware. The firmware for a CD drive or the firmware for a modem are examples of firmware implementation.
Today, software has become an important part of our lives. Without softwares the humans cannot be developed.we are using software everywhere.
Software engineers are responsible for producing fault-free software which has literally become an essential part of our daily lives. Changeability and conformity are two of the main properties of software design. There are also different processing models for designing software including Build and Fix, Waterfall and Agile software processing design methods.
The different types of software can be put into categories based on common function, type, or field of use. There are three broad classifications:
Application software are the computer programs for performing user tasks such as word processing and web browsers.
System software is used to start and run computer systems and networks. This includes operating systems. Computer programming tools (also known as development software) are used to create application and system software.
This is done by translating and combining computer program source code and libraries into executable RAMs.
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Computer Program
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A computer program is a list of instructions that tell a computer what to do. Everything a computer does is done by using a computer program. A computer program is written in a programming language.
Some examples of computer programs:
- Operating system.
- A web browser like google chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Apple Safari can be used to view web pages on the Internet.
- An office suite can be used to write documents or spreadsheets.
- Video games are computer programs.
A computer program is stored as a file on the computer's hard drive. When the user runs the program, the file is read by the computer, and the processor reads the data in the file as a list of instructions. Then the computer does what the program tells it to do.
A computer program is written by a programmer. It is very difficult to write in the ones and zeroes of machine code, which is what the computer can read, so computer programmers write in a programming language, such as BASIC, C, or Java. Once it is written, the programmer uses a compiler to turn it into a language that the computer can understand.
There are also bad programs, called malware, written by people who want to do bad things to a computer. Some are spyware, trying to steal information from the computer. Some try to damage the data stored on the hard drive. Some others send users to web sites that offer to sell them things. Some are computer viruses or ransomware.
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Operating System
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An operating system (or OS) is a group of computer programs, device drivers, kernels, and other software that let people interact with a computer. It manages computer hardware and software resources. It provides common services for computer programs. An OS can be small (like MenuetOS), or large (like Microsoft Windows). Different operating systems can be used for different purposes. Some are used for everyday things like on a personal computer.
Others are mobile operating systems or are used for specialized work.
An operating system has many jobs. It makes sure that all the programs can use the CPU, system memory, displays, input devices, and other hardware. Some also give the user an interface to use a computer. An OS is also responsible for sending data to other computers or devices on a network.
Some examples of commonly used operating systems are macOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows.
History
The first operating system was used with the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator andComputer). It was very hard to make ENIAC do work. How the operating system worked was based on how the switches and cables were put together and depending on this factor punch cards would make a result. While this was an operating system of a kind, it is not what is thought of as one in modern times.
The first operating system that looked and felt like operating systems in the modern age was UNIX, made in 1969 by Bell Labs. It had a small kernel and many tiny programs that could be put together to work with user input and data. Many of its features were taken from Multics, an older operating system made in 1964.
Types of Operating Systems
Single- and multi-tasking
A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time. A multitasking operating system can run more than one program at the same time.
Multi-tasking is done by dividing processor time. The processor gives a little bit of its time to each program.
Single- and multi-user
Single-user operating systems cannot distinguish between users, but may allow multiple programs to run simultaneously.
A multi-user operating system permits multiple users to interact with the system at the same time.
Distributed
A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer.
Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine.
Templated
In an OS, distributed and cloud computing context, templating refers to creating a single virtual machine as a guest operating system, then saving it as a tool for multiple running virtual machines.
The technique is common in large server warehouses.
Embedded
Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and are able to operate with a limited number of resources.
Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.
Real-time
A real-time operating system guarantees processing of events or data by a specific moment in time.
A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved.
An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
Library
A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides, such as networking, are provided in the form of libraries and composed with the application and configuration code to construct a unikernel: a specialized, single address space, machine image that can be deployed to cloud or embedded environments.
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